"Pero no te dejan ser". Dinámicas de género y liderazgo en el sur peruano
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37467/gka-revhuman.v1.689Palabras clave:
igualdad de género, liderazgo, poder, estereotipos, toma de decisionesResumen
El presente artículo explora las percepciones y las voces de un grupo de mujeres del sur peruano acerca de igualdad de género en contextos de liderazgo y toma de decisiones en organismos públicos y privados. A través de entrevistas semi-estructuradas, documentos y notas de campo y bajo el marco analítico pos-estructural feminista, nuestros hallazgos indican que a pesar de los avances en cuanto a la participación de las mujeres en espacios públicos, en la práctica, las mujeres aún siguen lidiando con un sistema dominante donde persisten la discriminación de género acompañada de bar-reras estructurales, institucionales y culturales que impiden su inclusión y participación. Sin embargo, a pesar de los obstáculos organizacionales y domésticos, estas mujeres construyen sus identidades en su convivencia diaria con un activo sistema patriarcal. Las implicaciones de este artículo son de im-portancia para la generación de políticas públicas sensibles al tema de género así como para mejorar las prácticas laborales en los sectores públicos y privados.
Citas
Abdel-hameid, Shahira, and AbdelRhman, Widad. “Sexual Harassment in the Workplace.” Ahfad Journal 26, 1 (2009): 3-24.
Alvarado, Beatriz. Voice and Agency in Andean Rural Young Women's Education: An Ethnographic View on the Lives of Young Women. VDM Verlag. ISBN-13: 9783639097177, 2009.
Alcoff, Linda. “Cultural feminism versus post-structuralism: The Identity Crisis in Feminist Theory.” In Feminist theory: A reader, edited by Wendy Kolmar and Frances Bartkowski, 402-414. Mountain View: Mayfield Publishing Company, 2000.
Atal, Juan Pablo, Hugo Ñopo, and Natalia, Winder. New century, old disparities. Gender and Ethnic Wage Gaps in Latin America. IDB Working Paper Series, N° 109, Washington, D.C., Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo, 2009.
Adler, Nancy, and Dafna Izraeli. “Where in the World are the Women Executives?.” Business Quarterly 59, (1994): 89-94.
Bailey, Susan. The AAUW Report: How Schools Shortchange Girls. Washington, D. C.: National Education Association, 1992.
Bird, Sharon. “Welcome to the Men's Club: Homosociality and the Maintenance of Hegemonic Masculinity.” Gender and Society 10, no. 2 (1996): 120-132.
Baxter, Judith. Positioning gender is discourse. A Feminist Methodology. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003.
Baxter, Judith. “A Juggling Act: A Feminist Post-Structuralist Analysis of Girls’ And Boys’ Talk in the Secondary Classroom.” Gender and Education 14, no.1 (2002): 5-19.
Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action. Fourth World Conference on Women, 15 September 1995. http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/instree/e5dplw.htm (accessed mayo, 2012).
Blake-Beard, Stacy. “Taking a hard look at formal mentoring programs: A consideration of potential challenges facing women.” The Journal of Management Development 20, (2001): 331-346.
Burns, Nancy, Kay L., Schlozman, and Sidney Verba. The Private Roots of Public Action: Gender, Equality, and Political Participation. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2001.
Catalyst, Women in Leadership: Comparing European and US Women Executives, Catalyst/Conference Board Report. New York, 2003.
Carli, Linda. “Gender, Interpersonal Power, and Social Influence.” Journal of Social Issues 55, no. 55 (1999): 1-19.
Charmaz, Kathy. “Grounded theory: Objectivism and Constructivist Methods.” In Handbook of Qualitative Research, edited by Norman Denzin and Yvonna Lincoln, 509-537. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publication, Inc., 2000.
CEPAL, Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean Santiago. Participation and Leadership in Latin America and the Caribbean: Gender Indicators. Chile, 2009.
DAW, Division for the Advancement of Women. Equal Participation of Women and Men in Decision- Making Processes with Particular Emphasis on Political Participation and Leadership. Report of the Expert Group Meeting. Addis-Ababa, Ethiopia 24 – 27 October, 2005.
Daeren, Lieve. Enfoque de Género en la Política Económica-Laboral. El Estado del Arte en América Latina y el Caribe. Institucionalización del Enfoque de Género en la CEPAL y en Ministerios Sectoriales. Santiago de Chile, febrero, 2001.
Eagly, Alice, and Linda, Carli. “Women and the Labyrinth of Leadership.” Harvard Business Review 85, no. 9 (2007): 63-71.
Eagly, Alice, and Steven Karau. “Role Congruity Theory of Prejudice toward Female Leaders.” Psychological Review 109, (2002): 573-598.
Eagly, Alice, Mona Makhijani, and Bruce Klonsky. “Gender and the Evaluation of Leaders: A metaanalysis.” Psychological Bulletin 111 (1992): 3–22.
Eagly, Alice, and Steven Karau. “Role Congruity Theory of Prejudice towards Female Leaders.” Psychological Review 109, no. 3 (2002): 573-598.
ECLAC, Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean. The Challenge of Gender Equity and Human Rights on the Threshold of the Twenty-first Century. Mujer y desarrollo series 27. Santiago, Chile, 2000.
Eisner, Susan, and Mary Harvey. “C-Change? Generation Y and the Glass Ceiling.” SAM Advanced Management Journal 74, no. 1 (2009): 13-28.
Fontana, Andre, and Frey James. The Interview: From Structure Questions to Negotiated Text. In N. Handbook of Qualitative Research, edited by Norman Denzin and Yvonna Lincoln, 645-673. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publication, Inc., 2000.
Fox, Richard. Gender Dynamics in Congressional Elections. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1997.
Gavey, Nicola. “Feminist poststructuralism and discourse analysis.” In Towards a new psychology of gender, edited by Mary Gergen, and Sara. Davis, 49-65. New York: Routledge, 1997.
Gini, Al. My Job, My Self: Work and the Creation of the Modern Individual. London: Routledge, 2001.
Glesne, Corrine. Becoming Qualitative Researcher. New York: Longman, 1999.
Goldin, Claudia. Understanding the Gender Gap: The Economic History of American Women. New York: Oxford University Press, 1990.
Goodwin, Stephanie, and Susan Fiske. “Power and Gender: The Double Edged Sword of Ambivalence.” In Handbook of the Psychology of Women and Gender, edited by Unger Rhoda, 358-366. New York: Wiley, 2001.
Gruber, James. “The Impact of Male Work Environments and Organizational Policies on Women's Experiences of Sexual Harassment.” Gender and Society 12, no. 3 (1998): 301-320.
Hale, Mary M. Gender Equality in Organizations: Resolving the Dilemmas. Review of Public Personnel Administration 16, 1 (1996): 7-18.
Harris, Patricia. “Towards a Critical Post-Structuralism.” Social Work Education, 20, no. 3 (2001): 335-350.
Hatch, Amos. Doing Qualitative Research in Education Settings. New York: State University of New York Press, 2002.
Hollingsworth, Sandra. Teacher Research and Urban Literacy Education: Lessons and Conversations in a Feminist Key. New York: Teachers College Press, 1996.
Htun, Mala, and Laurel Weldon. “When Do Governments Promote Women's Rights? A Framework for the Comparative Analysis of Sex Equality Policy.” Perspectives on Politics. 8, 1 Mar(2010): 207-216.
Ibarra, Herminia. “Provisional selves: Experimenting with Image and Identity in Professional Adaptation.” Administrative Science Quarterly, 44 (1999):764-791.
ILO, International Labour Organization. Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work. Geneva, 18 June, 2004.
ILO, International Labour Organization. Facts on Investing in Decent Work for Women. Geneva, February, 2008.
INEI - Instituto Nacional de Estadística del Perú. Censos Nacionales de Población y Vivienda, 1940, 1961, 1972, 1981, 1993 y 2007, edición 2009. http://www.inei.gob.pe/biblioineipub/bancopub/Est/Lib0838/libro02/cap01.pdf (accessed julio, 2012).
INEI, Instituto Nacional de Estadística del Perú. Censos Nacionales de Población y Vivienda, 1993 y 2007, edición 2009. http://www.inei.gob.pe/ (accessed abril, 2012).
Inglehart, Ronald, and Pippa Norris. Rising Tide: Gender Equality and Cultural Change Around the World. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
IPU, Inter‐Parliamentary Union. Men and Women in Politics. Geneva, 1997.
Kent, Russell and Sherry Moss. “Effects of Sex and Gender Role on Leader Emergence.” Academy of Management Journal 37 (1994): 1335-1346.
Kolesnikova, Natalia, and Liu Yang. “Gender Wage Gap may be much Smaller than Most Think. The Regional Economist 19, (2011): 14-15.
Lather, Patti. Getting Smart: Feminist Research and Pedagogy with/in the Postmodern. New York: Routledge, 1991.
Leyenaar, Monique. Political Empowerment of Women: The Netherlands and Other Countries. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff, 2004.
Luke, Carmen. “Feminist Politics in Radical Pedagogy.” In Feminisms and Critical Pedagogy, edited by Carmen Luke, and Jennifer Gore, 24-53. New York: Routledge, 1992.
Mavin, Sharon. “Venus Envy: Problematizing Solidarity Behavior and Queen Bees.” Women in Management Review 21, no. 4 (2006): 264-276.
McGlen, Nancy E., and Karen O’Connor. Women, Politics, and American Society. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1998.
Maguire, Patricia. “Considering more Feminist Participatory Research: What’s Congruency got to Do with It?” Qualitative Inquiry 2, no. 1 (1996): 106-118.
Moghadam, Valentine. “Women’s Socioeconomic Participation and Iran’s Changing Political Economy.” In The Economy of Iran: The Dilemmas of an Islamic State, edited by Parvin Alizadeh, 233–260. New York: I. B. Tauris, 2000.
Moran, Barbara. “Gender Differences in Leadership.” Library Trends 40, no. 3 (1992): 475-491.
Oakley, Judith. “Gender-Based Barriers to Senior Management Positions: Understanding the Scarcity of Female CEO’s.” Journal of Business Ethics 27, no. 4 (2000): 321-334.
Patton, Michael. Qualitative Research and Evaluation Methods. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, 2002.
Paxton, Pamela, and Sheri Kunovich. “Women’s Political Representation: The importance of Ideology.” Social Forces 82, (2003): 87-113.
Quaile, Kim, and Leighley, Jan. “The Policy Consequences of Class Bias in State Electorates.” American Journal of Political Science 36 (1992): 351–65.
Rudman, Laurie, and Stephen Kilianski. “Implicit and Explicit Attitudes toward Female Authority.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 26 (2000): 1315-1328.
Rudman, Laurie, and Peter Glick. “Prescriptive Gender Stereotypes and Backlash toward Agentic Women.” Journal of Social Issues 57 (2001): 743-762.
Sadie, Yolanda. Women in Political Decision-Making in the SADC Region. Agenda 65, (2005): 17-31.
Sczesny, Stan. “A Closer Look beneath the Surface: Various Facets of the Think-Manager-Think-Male stereotype.” Sex Roles, 49 (2003): 353-363.
Sherman, Becky. “Ethnographic Interview.” In Paul Handbook of Ethnography, edited by Atkinson Amanda, Coffey, Sara Delamont, John Lofland, and Lyn Lofland, 369-384. London: Sage Publications, 2001.
Simpson, Alyson. “It’s a game!: The construction of gendered subjectivity.” In Gender and discourse, edited by Ruth Wodak, 37-56. London: Sage Publications, 1997.
Tedlock, Barbara. “Ethnography and Ethnographic Representation.” In Handbook of Qualitative Research, edited by Norman Denzin and Yvonna Lincoln, 455-487. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publication, Inc., 2000.
Taylor, Steven, and Robert Bogdan. Introduction to Qualitative Research Methods. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1998.
Thomas, Anita, Suzette Speight, and Klonoff Witherspoon. “Internalized Oppression among Black Women.” In The psychology of Prejudice and Discrimination, edited by Chin Jean, 113-132. New York: Praeger, 2004.
Valdés, Teresa, and Enrique Gomáriz. Latin American Women: Compared Figures. Santiago: Instituto de la Mujer-FLACSO, 1995.
Weedon, Chris. Feminist Practice and Poststructuralist Theory. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell, 1997.
Wiersma, William. Research Methods in Education: An introduction. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1995.
World Bank World Development Report. Gender Equality and Development. Washington, DC, 2012.
Zogerah, Johnson, and Babita Mathur-Helm. “Experiences with Queen Bees: A South African Study Exploring the Reluctance of Women Executives to Promote Other Women in the Workplace.” South African Journal of Business Management 42, no.4 (2011): 47-55.
Descargas
Publicado
Cómo citar
Número
Sección
Licencia
Aquellos autores/as que publiquen con esta revista, aceptan los términos siguientes:
- Los autores/as conservarán los derechos morales sobre la obra y cederán a la revista los derechos comerciales.
- Transcurrido 1 año desde su publicación, la versión del editor pasará a estar en acceso abierto en la web de la editorial, pero la revista mantendrá el copyright de la obra.
- En el caso de que los autores deseen asignar una licencia abierta Creative Commons (CC), podrán solicitarla escribiendo a publishing@eagora.org.