Sexual Harassment as an Emerging Problem in Peruvian University Contexts
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37467/revhuman.v21.5038Palavras-chave:
Sexual harassment, Gender equality, Sexual behaviors, Sexual micromachismosResumo
Considering the prevalence of sexual harassment, especially in university contexts, it is essential to have a validated instrument to identify these characteristics in the educational community. For this reason, this study aimed to analyze the psychometric processes of the sexual harassment scale on university campuses. Using an instrumental design and a sample of 927 students, it was found that the values of the evidence of construct validity and reliability are acceptable. The practical implications of validating the instrument that will allow the identification of sexual harassment problems to promote symmetrical coexistence between men and women are highlighted.
Referências
Beckman, T. J., & Cook, D. A. (2007). Developing scholarly projects in education: A primer for medical teachers. Medical Teacher, 29(2-3), 210-218. https://doi.org/10.1080/01421590701291469
Bharucha, J., & Khatri, R. (2018). The sexual street harassment battle: perceptions of women in urban India. The Journal of Adult Protection, 20(2), 101-109. https://doi.org/10.1108/JAP-12-2017-0038
Cesario, B., Parks-Stamm, E., & Turgut, M. (2018). Initial assessment of the psychometric properties of the Sexual Harassment Reporting Attitudes Scale. Cogent Psychology, 5(1), 1517629. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311908.2018.1517629
Copp, J. E., Mumford, E. A., & Taylor, B. G. (2021). Online sexual harassment and cyberbullying in a nationally representative sample of teens: Prevalence, predictors, and consequences. Journal of Adolescence, 93(1), 202-211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2021.10.003.
Cuadra-Moreno, M. L., Núñez-Acevedo, E. S., Gutiérrez de Alarcón, R. D., Timaná-Palacios, D. J., Reyna-Segura, R. D., Chávez-Bazán, T. H., Gutiérrez-Alarcón, H. R., & Alarcón-Gutiérrez, J. E. (2021). Reactions and effects of sexual harassment in students in a public Peruvian university. Revista Médica de Trujillo, 16(3), 137-147. https://doi.org/10.17268/rmt.2021.v16i03.07
Duncan, N., Zimmer-Gembeck, M. J., & Furman, W. (2019). Sexual harassment and appearance-based peer victimization: Unique associations with emotional adjustment by gender and age. Journal of Adolescence, 75(1), 12-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2019.06.016
Gianakos, A. L., Freischlag, J. A., Mercurio, A. M., Haring, R. S., LaPorte, D. M., Mulcahey, M. K., Cannada, L. K., & Kennedy, J. G. (2022). Bullying, Discrimination, Harassment, Sexual Harassment, and the Fear of Retaliation During Surgical Residency Training: A Systematic Review. World Journal of Surgery, 46(7), 1587-1599. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00268-021-06432-6.
Gonzalez, H., Zanotti Cavazzoni, A., & Gómez, L. (2019). Construction and validation of a questionnaire measuring street sexual harassment perceived by women. SCIENTIAMERICANA, Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1-7. https://revistacientifica.uamericana.edu.py/index.php/scientiamericana/article/view/272
Goyzueta, A. P., & Cervantes-Alvino, S. C. (2022). Sexual harassment among university students in northern Lima. Peruvian Journal of Health Care and Global Health, 6(1). http://revista.uch.edu.pe/index.php/hgh/article/view/174/114.
Gutiérrez, R. D., Cuadra-Moreno, M. L., Solano-Coello, M. E., Paz-Muro, E., Tapia-Sánchez, C. D., Gutiérrez-Alarcón, H. R., & Valencia-Blanco, D. S. (2022). Prevalence, reactions and effects of sexual harassment in two public universities in Peru. Revista de Investigación Estadística, 4(1), 36-46. https://revistas.unitru.edu.pe/index.php/REDIES/article/view/4382
Hernández-Sampieri, R., & Mendoza Torres, C. P. (2018). Research methodology: the routes: quantitative, qualitative and mixed. Mc Graw Hill education.
Hoor-Ul-Ain, S. (2020). Public sexual harassment mayhem on public transport in megacities - Karachi and London: A comparative review. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 52, 101420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2020.101420
Klein, L. B., & Martin, S. L. (2021). Sexual Harassment of College and University Students: A Systematic Review. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 22(4), 777-792. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838019881731
Lobos-Rivera, M. E., Chávez-Escobar, J. J., Díaz-Mendoza, M. M., Espinoza-García, M. G., Gaitán-Herrera, B. I., Guardado-Chacón, K. E., Guevara de Echeverría, K. Y., López-Urrutia, R. C., Martínez-Pérez, C. A., & Flores-Monterrosa, A. N. (2022). Construction, validity and reliability of the Sexual Harassment Perception Scale in Salvadoran women. Entorno, 72, 46-54. https://doi.org/10.5377/entorno.v1i72.13237.
Lu, L., Dong, M., Lok, G. K. I., Feng, Y., Wang, G., Ng, C. H., Ungvari, G. S., & Xiang, Y. (2020). Worldwide prevalence of sexual harassment towards nurses: A comprehensive meta-analysis of observational studies. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 76(4), 980-990. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.14296.
McClain, T., Kammer-Kerwick, M., Wood, L., Temple, J. R., & Busch-Armendariz, N. (2021). Sexual Harassment Among Medical Students: Prevalence, Prediction, and Correlated Outcomes. Workplace Health & Safety, 69(6), 257-267. https://doi.org/10.1177/2165079920969402.
Menhaji, K., Pan, S., & Hardart, A. (2022). Sexual Harassment Prevalence Among OBGYN Trainees and Cultural Climate of their Training Programs: Result From a Nationwide Survey. Journal of Surgical Education, 79(5), 1113-1123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsurg.2022.04.001.
Montero, I., & León, O. G. (2007). A guide for naming research studies in Psychology. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 7(3), 847-862. https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=33770318
Montesinos, L., Bayona, Y., Llanos, K., Figueroa, E., & Pajuelo, S. (2016). Descriptive statistics and probability (2nd ed.). Fondo Editorial Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola. https://repositorio.usil.edu.pe/server/api/core/bitstreams/836094c5-8a5a-4d2a-ac37-17e5bed27b08/content.
Murdoch, M., Pryor, J. B., Polusny, M. A., Dean Gackstetter, G., & Ripley, D. C. (2022). Development and Validation of the Perceived Tolerance of Sexual Harassment in the Military Scale. In Europe PMC.
UN Women (2012). Annual handbook of legislation on violence against women. https://bit.ly/3CtZqDI.
Oriol, X., Miranda, R., & Amutio, A. (2021). Correlates of Bullying Victimization and Sexual Harassment: Implications for Life Satisfaction in Late Adolescents. The Journal of School Nursing, 37(3), 202-208. https://doi.org/10.1177/1059840519863845
Page, T. E., Pina, A., & Giner-Sorolla, R. (2016). "It was only harmless banter!" The development and preliminary validation of the moral disengagement in sexual harassment scale. Aggressive Behavior, 42(3), 254-273. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.21621.
Pendergrast, T. R., Jain, S., Trueger, N. S., Gottlieb, M., Woitowich, N. C., & Arora, V. M. (2021). Prevalence of Personal Attacks and Sexual Harassment of Physicians on Social Media. JAMA Internal Medicine, 181(4), 550. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.7235. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.7235
Phillips, S. P., Webber, J., Imbeau, S., Quaife, T., Hagan, D., Maar, M., & Abourbih, J. (2019). Sexual Harassment of Canadian Medical Students: A National Survey. EClinicalMedicine, 7, 15-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2019.01.008.
Pololi, L. H., Brennan, R. T., Civian, J. T., Shea, S., Brennan-Wydra, E., & Evans, A. T. (2020). Us, Too. Sexual Harassment Within Academic Medicine in the United States. The American Journal of Medicine, 133(2), 245-248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2019.06.031.
Quinones, L. M. (2020). Sexual harassment in public transport in Bogotá. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 139, 54-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2020.06.018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2020.06.018
Ranganathan, M., Wamoyi, J., Pearson, I., & Stöckl, H. (2021). Measurement and prevalence of sexual harassment in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open, 11(6), e047473. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-047473
Recalde-Esnoz, I., Castillo, H. Del, & Montalvo, G. (2021). Sexual Assault Myths Acceptance in University Campuses: Construction and Validation of a Scale. Social Sciences, 10(12), 462. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci10120462
Reed, E., Salazar, M., Behar, A. I., Agah, N., Silverman, J. G., Minnis, A. M., Rusch, M. L. A., & Raj, A. (2019). Cyber Sexual Harassment: Prevalence and association with substance use, poor mental health, and STI history among sexually active adolescent girls. Journal of Adolescence, 75(1), 53-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2019.07.005.
Rodriguez-Vargas, M., Rodriguez-Ricardo, A., Almaguer-Mederos, L. E., & Saenz-Perez, C. (2022). Validity and reliability of two instruments to assess adherence to treatment in burn patients. Revista Archivo Médico de Camagüey, 26. http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1025-02552022000100039
Sánchez, J., Serrat, S., Castillo, E., & Nuviala, A. (2021). Confirmatory Factor Analysis and Validity of the Sexual Harassment Scale in Football Refereeing. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(4), 1374. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041374. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041374.
Spencer, R. A., Yount, K. M., Essaid, A. A., Cheong, Y. F., Sajdi, J., Taleb, R. A., Bergenfeld, I., Batayeh, B., Sandhu, S., Robbin, Z., Zwooqar, A., & Clark, C. J. (2022). Adapting and Validating the Sexual Experiences Questionnaire to Study Sexual Harassment Among University Women in Jordan. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 37(19-20), NP18465-NP18495. https://doi.org/10.1177/08862605211035880.
Sweeting, H., Blake, C., Riddell, J., Barrett, S., & Mitchell, K. R. (2022). Sexual harassment in secondary school: Prevalence and ambiguities. A mixed methods study in Scottish schools. PLOS ONE, 17(2), e0262248. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0262248.
Thurston, R. C., Chang, Y., Matthews, K. A., von Känel, R., & Koenen, K. (2019). Association of Sexual Harassment and Sexual Assault With Midlife Women's Mental and Physical Health. JAMA Internal Medicine, 179(1), 48. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2018.4886.
Ventura-León, J. L., & Caycho-Rodríguez, T. (2017). The Omega coefficient: an alternative method for reliability estimation. Latin American Journal of Social Sciences, Childhood and Youth, 15(1), 625-627.
Verge, T. (2022). Too Few, Too Little: Parliaments' Response to Sexism and Sexual Harassment. Parliamentary Affairs, 75(1), 94-112. https://doi.org/10.1093/pa/gsaa052.
Wood, L., Hoefer, S., Kammer-Kerwick, M., Parra-Cardona, J. R., & Busch-Armendariz, N. (2021). Sexual Harassment at Institutions of Higher Education: Prevalence, Risk, and Extent. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 36(9-10), 4520-4544. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260518791228
Downloads
Publicado
Como Citar
Edição
Seção
Licença
Os autores/as que publicam nesta revista concordam com os seguintes termos:
- Os autores/as terão os direitos morais do trabalho e cederão para a revista os direitos comerciais.
- Um ano após a sua publicação, a versão do editor estará em acesso aberto no site da editora, mas a revista manterá o copyright da obra.
- No caso dos autores desejarem asignar uma licença aberta Creative Commons (CC), poderão a solicitar escrevendo a publishing@eagora.org.