Una visión general de la brecha de género en la región de Europa

Autores

  • Mary Luz Mouronte López Engineering and Women in ICT from Humanism Group, Pozuelo de Alarcon, Madrid / Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, España

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.37467/revhuman.v11.4124

Palavras-chave:

Gender gap, Europe, Woman, Education, Violence, Discrimination in the family, Political representation

Resumo

El estudio de la brecha de género ha despertado el interés de los organismos internacionales y de los investigadores. Este trabajo obtiene una visión general de la situación de la mujer en Europa. La investigación se realiza partiendo de variables de genero disponibles en repositorios internacionales y utilizando técnicas de análisis de datos. De modo general, la situación en Europa es positiva. Si bien, es necesario acometer mejoras en algunos países en ámbitos como el empresarial, el jurídico, y el político. También las mujeres de algunas naciones se beneficiarían de medidas para corregir la discriminación en el ámbito familiar.

Referências

Amin, A., Ali, R., Rehman, R., Akram, M., Muhammad, N., Ahmad, I., Naseem, M., & Ahmad, M. (2021). Female presence in corporate governance, firm performance, and the moderating role of family ownership. Ekonomska Istraživanja / Economic Research, 35(1), 929-948. https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2021.1952086

Ball, G.H., & Hall, D. H. (1965). ISODATA, a novel method of data analysis and pattern classification. Technical report, Stanford Research Institute. Recuperado el 26 de julio de 2022 de: https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/AD0699616#:~:text=Abstract%3A-,ISODATA%2C%20a%20novel%20method%20of%20data%20analysis%20and%20pattern%20classification,calculations%20that%20the%20method%20uses.

Barabasi A-L. (2016). Network Science. Cambridge, Reino Unido: Cambridge University Press.

Best, K., & Sinell, A. ; Heidingsfelder, ML. (2016). The Gender Dimension in Knowledge and Technology Transfer- the German case. European Journal of Innovation Management, 19(1) 2-25. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJIM-07-2015-0052

Bosse, S. (2018). Data mining with Machine Learning for the social sciences. Data Mining Lecture, Invited Keynote Talk, 18.5.2018, Bremen, Computational Social Sciences Talks, BIGSSS, SOCIUM, University of Bremen, Jacobs University Bremen https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.12746.67526.

Caliński , T., & Harabasz, J. (1974) A dendrite method for cluster analysis, Communications in Statistics, 3(1), 1-27. https://doi.org/10.1080/03610927408827101.

Cerrato, F., & Cifre, E. (2018). Gender Inequality in Household Chores and Work-Family Conflict. Frontiers in Psychology, Sec. Organizational Psychology, 1-33. https://doi.org/9. 1-11. 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01330.

Comisión Europea (2021). Gender Smart Financing Investing In & With Women: Opportunities for Europe. Discussion Paper 129 | July 2020. Recuperado el 26 de julio de 2022 de: https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/default/files/economy-finance/dp129_en.pdf

Connelly, R., Playford, C., Gayle, V., Dibben, C. (2016). The role of administrative data in the big data revolution in social science research. Social Science Research, 59, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2016.04.015

Davies, D., & Bouldin, D. (1979). A Cluster Separation Measure. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 1(2), 224 - 227. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPAMI.1979.4766909.

EUROSTAT (s.f.). EUROSTAT Your key to European Statistics. Recuperado el 26 de julio de 2022 de: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/data/database

Frey, T., & Van Groenewoud, H. (1972). A cluster analysis of the D2 matrix of white spruce stands in Saskatchewan based on the maximum-minimum principle. Journal of Ecology, 60(3) , 873-886. https://doi.org/10.2307/2258571

Hartigan, J. A. (1975). Clustering Algorithms (Probability & Mathematical Statistics). Estados Unidos: John Wiley & Sons Inc.

Hubert, L. J., & Levin, J. R. (1976). A general statistical framework for assessing categorical clustering in free recall. Psychological Bulletin, 83(6), 1072–1080. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.83.6.1072

Kiaušiene, I., & Štreimikiene, D. (2011). On Gender Stereotyping and Employment Assimetries. Economics & Sociology, 4(2), 84-97. https://doi.org/10.14254/2071-789x.2011/4-2/8

Krzanowski, W.J., & Lai, Y. T. (1985) . A criterion for de-terming the number of groups in a data set using sum-of-squares clustering. Biometrics, 44, 23–34. https://doi.org/10.2307/2531893

Lee, S. S., & Denslow, D. (2005). A study on the major problems of US women-owned small Business, Journal of small Business Strategy, 15 (2), 77 - 89. Recuperado el 26 de julio de 2022 de: https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/236084073.pdf

Maceira H.M. (2017). Economic benefits of gender equality in the EU. Intereconomics, 52(3), 178-183. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10272-017-0669-4. Recuperado el 26 de julio de 2022 de: https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/213131/1/178-183-Morais-Maceira.pdf

Milligan, G. W. (1980). An examination of the effect of six types of error perturbation on fifteen clustering algorithms. Psychometrika, 45, 325–342. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02293907

Milligan, G. W. (1981a). A Monte Carlo study of thirty internal criterion measures for cluster analysis. Psychometrika, 46, 187–199. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02293899

Milligan, G. W. (1981b). A review of Monte Carlo tests of cluster analysis. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 16, 379–407. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327906mbr1603_7

OECD (2018). Bridging the digital gender divide. Include, upskill, innovate. Recuperado el 26 de julio de 2022 de: http://www.oecd.org/internet/bridging-the-digital-gender-divide.pdf

OECD (2019) Gender, Institutions and Development Database (GID-DB) 2019: Discrimination in the Family. Recuperado el 26 de julio de 2022 de: https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=GIDDB2019.

OECD (2021). Why do more young women than men go on to tertiary education?. Education Indicators in Focus, No. 79, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/6f7209d1-en.

ONU (s.f.). Naciones Unidas. Igualdad de Género. Recuperado el 26 de julio de 2022 de: https://www.un.org/es/impacto-acad%C3%A9mico/page/igualdad-de-g%C3%A9nero

Ratkowsky, D.A., & Lance, G.N. (1978). Criterion for determining the number of groups in a classification. Australian Computer Journal, 10(3), 115-117 http://hdl.handle.net/102.100.100/300266?index=1

Rousseeuw, P. (1987). Rousseeuw, P.J.: Silhouettes: A Graphical Aid to the Interpretation and Validation of Cluster Analysis. Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics, 20, 53-65. Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics, 20. 53-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-0427(87)90125-7.

Siegenfeld, A. F., & Bar-Yam, Y. (2020). An Introduction to Complex Systems Science and Its Applications, Complexity, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/6105872

Tsai, C.W., Lai, C.F., Chao, H.C. et al. (2015). Big data analytics: a survey. Journal of Big Data, 2(21), 1-32. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40537-015-0030-3

UNESCO (1995). Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action. Beijing+5 Political Declaration and Outcome. Recuperado el 26 de julio de 2022 de: https://www.icsspe.org/system/files/Beijing%20Declaration%20and%20Platform%20for%20Action.pdf

UNESCO (2019). Descifrar el código: La educación de las niñas y las mujeres en ciencias, tecnología, ingeniería y matemáticas (STEM). Recuperado el 26 de julio de 2022 de: https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000366649

UNESCO (2021). Women in higher education: has the female advantage put an end together inequality. Recuperado el 26 de julio de 2022 de: https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000377182

Eaton, A., Pace, V., & Nichols-Lopez, K. (2014). Why do women entrepreneurs have smaller firms? The effect of agreeableness on firm goals and size. Academy of Management Proceedings, 2014, 12266. https://doi.org/12266-12266. 10.5465/AMBPP.2014.12266

STADISTA (2021). Ranking de países según su puntuación en el Índice global de la brecha de género (Global Gender Gap Index) en 2021. Recuperado el 26 de julio de 2022 de: https://es.statista.com/estadisticas/957030/indice-de-la-brecha-de-genero-de-genero-mundial/

Trask, B. (2015) The Role Of Families In Combating Discrimination, Violence And Harmful Practices Against Women And Girls And In Creating Greater Gender Equality And Empowerment. Recuperado el 26 de julio de 2022 de: https://www.un.org/esa/socdev/egms/docs/2015/sd-agenda2030/BahiraSherif-Paper.pdf

WORLD BANK (s.f.) WORLD BANK Gender Data Portal. Recuperado el 26 de julio de 2022 de: https://genderdata.worldbank.org/

Downloads

Publicado

2022-12-20

Como Citar

Mouronte López, M. L. (2022). Una visión general de la brecha de género en la región de Europa. HUMAN REVIEW. International Humanities Review Revista Internacional De Humanidades, 14(3), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.37467/revhuman.v11.4124

Edição

v. 14 n. 3 (2022): Monografía: "Gênero como eixo dialógico e interdisciplinar"

Seção

Artigos de pesquisa (monográfico)

Licença

Os autores/as que publicam nesta revista concordam com os seguintes termos:

  1. Os autores/as terão os direitos morais do trabalho e cederão para a revista os direitos comerciais.
  2. Um ano após a sua publicação, a versão do editor estará em acesso aberto no site da editora, mas a revista manterá o copyright da obra.
  3. No caso dos autores desejarem asignar uma licença aberta Creative Commons (CC), poderão a solicitar escrevendo a publishing@eagora.org.