The orthodontic “finishing” phase is recognized for the many details to accomplish an
excellent result. A high percentage of finishing-phase difficulties arise because of tooth
size imbalance that could have been considered during the initial diagnosis and treatment
planning. The aim of this study was to determine whether the Bolton's analysis applies
for the crowded and non crowded dentitions. This study involved 60 subjects (30
crowded and 30 non-crowded; 29 males and 31 females). Criteria for sample selection
comprised absence of interproximal caries/filling, no residual crown-bridge restoration,
no tooth deformity, aged over 17 years, never undergone orthodontic treatment, and the
presence of teeth from right first molar through left first molar, both upper and lower.
Tooth size measurements were performed on study models. The statistical analysis used
were descriptive and t-test. The results of the study were as follows: the mesiodistal tooth
widths on males were bigger that those on females, the mesiodistal tooth widths on
crowded group were bigger than those on normal group but the difference was
insignificant statistically (p>0.05); anterior ratio in crowded group was smaller that that
in normal group; overall ratio in crowded group was bigger than that in normal group but
the difference was insignificant (p>0.05). Anterior ratio of the two groups was bigger
than Anterior Bolton Mean, it means that the discrepancy was present on the lower arch.
Overall ratio of the two groups was smaller than Overall Bolton Mean, it means that the
discrepancy was present on the upper arch.

Cervical margin of fixed denture either jacket crown or bridge, is usually placed
subgingivally for the natural look, however this can sometimes cause gingival
inflammation. Moreover, if the restoration material is acrylic, it sometimes can irritate
oral tissue. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of acrylic, used as fixed
denture material, to gingival tissue reaction. This was an experimental study, using pre
and post test of 5 acrylic jacket crowns, made to patients in the Prosthodontic
Department, Dental Hospital of Hasanuddin University. Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF)
was collected before preparation, and three weeks after insertion of the jacket crowns,
then pro-inflammatory cytokines; TNF-α and IL-1β were examined. The results analyzed
by Wilcoxon sign rank test (p<0.05). The results showed the elevation of TNF-α and IL1β

concentration after acrylic jacket crown insertion compare with the concentration
before preparation. The conclusion of this study is acrylic restoration material may cause
gingival inflammation.

regnancy is a common sense. However, when dental care, is likely to perform in
particular tooth extraction, a dentist should be aware of any systemic changes occurred
during pregnancy that can lead to several problems in dental practice. This paper is aimed
to discuss the consideration of taking dental radiography and prescribing medicine for an
expectant mother that can't be avoided during oral surgery.

maxilla, mandible and supporting structures like maxilla antrum, nasal fossa, TMJ,
procesus styloideus, and os. hyoid. Panoramic radiography is also used to evaluate
asymmetrical of face. Growth and development of head is similar to the growth and
development of body in general. The skeletal morphology can be disturbed by internal
disorder of TMJ and degenerative joint disease as short ramus, a sharp angle of mandible,
and also cranial base that cause asymmetrical face. By taking accurate panoramic
radiography, the mandible asymmetrical can be measured.

Fluorosis is a pathological endemic effect of ion intake of flour which is more than 1
ppm. Enamel fluorosis is tooth enamel demineralization due to excessive flour intake
during tooth calcification period. Fluorosis is disparity of tooth which is initially marked
with a white line across the enamel surface, and at severe level can change tooth form.
Dental fluorosis is hypoplasia or hypomaturation of tooth enamel or dentine because of
chronic usage of excessive fluor at period and development of dentition. Dental fluorosis
is qualitative defect of enamel, resulted from the increase of fluor concentration at cell
microenvironment of ameloblast during development and tooth formation. Quantitative
defect of enamel can occur on severe type of dental fluorosis. Microabrasion, consist of
air abrasion and enamel microabrasion, is a method of reducing tooth structure which is
the best alternative rather than drilling method. The mechanism of air abrasion technique
is blast pressure of abrasive particles to remove tooth caries. The principle of kinetic
energy is the abrasive particles with high pressure and speed, hit the tooth, remove tooth
caries, and reduce tooth structure.